Adverse Possession dispute - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1666 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? Brief 199371 Adverse Possession Salchester City Council purchased the freehold estate in a large plot of vacant land in 1980. The title to the land is unregistered. The intention was to develop it as a state of the art sports complex. Unfortunately, ongoing disputes with Central Government about the availability of funding have led to delays and, at the present time (December 2003) the land remains undeveloped. Harrison Haulage Ltd runs their business from a depot immediately adjoining the Councils land. In November 1991 they started parking their vehicles on a portion of the land and effectively treated the land as their own. As their business expanded they made more and more use of the land and, in January 1992, they erected a portakabin on it to provide additional office space. In July 1992, following several attacks on their office from vandals, they erected a fence around the portion of land and fully incorporated it into their own property. The Council have written to Harrison on several occasions, informing them that they are trespassing and demanding that they vacate the land. Harrison have ignored all their letters and privately say that they intend to stay on the land until such time as the Council eventually develop the sports complex. Advise the Council about the risk (if any) of Harrison acquiring rights of adverse possession in the land and about any action they should now take to protect their position. Your advice should take the form of a report. This should be in the region of 1,500 words in length and should, under no circumstances, exceed 2,000 words. The dispute between Salchester City Council and Harrison Haulage Ltd could be rightly regarded as being an unintended result of the difficulty that Salchester City Council has had in developing its land into a sports centre complex. The sports centre project was first proposed in 1980, yet so far has failed to materialise due to disagreements with central government over funding. The impasse between Salchester City Council and central government has allowed Harrison Haulage Ltd the opportunity to use the piece of council land nearest to its own business premises even though that company knows that it is trespassing (Martin, 2003 p. 16). It would certainly be in the best interests of Harrison Haulage Ltd to continue its adverse possession of the land they were currently using, as they would have to locate larger premised at a different site otherwise. The sooner that Salchester City Council could remove Harrison Haulage Ltd from its land the better its chances of avoiding losing the land through adverse possession. For continuous occupation of property or land for a long period is the strongest factor in the granting of adverse possession (Stevens Pearce, 2000 p. 61). Harrison Haulage Ltdà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s occupation of the council land is not only saving it money, the occupation is also costing Salchester City Council potential revenue. I f Salchester City Council could regain full occupation of the land site the construction of the sports centre complex could arguably commence earlier. In view of there being little prospect of central government finding the extra funding which Salchester City Council would like, it would be sensible for the council to review its intentions for building the sports centre complex. Should Salchester City Council decide to go ahead with the sports centre complex without central government funding it would be highly advantageous to regain control of its land from Harrison Haulage Ltd if it wishes to complete the project to its original specifications. Once that decision is made then Salchester City Council needs to take the appropriate steps to end Harrison Haulage Ltdà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s adverse possession of the land nearest to its premises (Stevens Pearce, 2000 p. 61). Thus far Harrison Haulage Ltd has been able to maintain their illegal adverse possession of the land due to Salche ster City Council being half-hearted or ineffective in their efforts to restore its ownership. There is no point in Salchester City Council sending letters to Harrison Haulage Ltd requesting that they vacate council property if those requests are not legally binding or cannot be enforced. Harrison Haulage Ltd has been able to ignore previous letters from the council due to such correspondence lacking legal enforceability. The best advice for Salchester City Council to act upon would be to issue a notice to Harrison Haulage Ltd that is wishes to repossess all its land with immediate effect. To achieve that goal all future letters from Salchester City Council to Harrison Haulage Ltd need to quote from the most relevant piece of legislation. Quoting the correct legislation makes all the difference between being able to end adverse possession or just complaining about such possession to the offending party. In this case the most relevant legislation which Salchester City Council could b est use to regain possession of its land would be the Criminal Law Act of 1977 and the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act of 1994 (Martin, 2003 pp 16-17). The advantage of citing these specific pieces of legislation is that any recovering action could be upheld in court and enforced by the Police if Harrison Haulage Ltd refused to vacate the land to allow the council to proceed with its plan for the development of the entire site. Harrison Haulage Ltd demonstrated their intention of establishing and maintaining adverse possession of the disputed land by fencing it off from the rest of the site and also by placing a portakabin upon that piece of land (Chynoweth, 2002 p.2). Although the fencing was erected to protect Harrison Haulage Ltdà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s property being damaged by vandals it has the affect of marking where on the site that the firm wishes to establish adverse possession (Oakley, 2002 p. 551). The main reason for Harrison Haulage Ltd not complying with such lega l notification would be a reluctance to have to find extra land elsewhere. That combines as well with the knowledge that they need only occupy the land continuously for more than twelve years for the council to lose ownership of that section of the site (Martin, 2003 p. 17). Salchester City Council in effect has less than four weeks or so to act to regain its piece of land before Harrison Haulage Ltd has the right to gain the land for free by asserting its claim of adverse possession. Even if the firm could not prove that it has been using the land since December 1991, it would certainly argue that it intended to carry on using the land as its own from January 1992 when the portakabin was erected. At best the firm would argue that its possession of the land was from July 1992 when it put up the fencing. Once Harrison Haulage Ltd have occupied the land for more than twelve years then its chance of successfully claiming adverse possession improve significantly (Martin, 2003 p. 17). Given the limited time left before the Christmas and New Year public holidays, Salchester City Council would have to take action to recover its land within the next week. This would be to minimise the risk of Harrison Haulage Ltd gaining adverse possession of the land by virtue of having being in possession of the land for twelve years (Oakley, 2002 p. 551). It would also prudent for Salchester City Council to set a date for the construction of the sports centre complex to begin. For if the case went to court such a move would make it harder for Harrison Haulage Ltd to argue that the land was unused and did not have any intended use by the owner (Oakley, 2002 p. 123). The council has to act immediately to prevent the loss of its land. This is because Harrison Haulage Ltd could successfully convince the court that it took de facto possession of the piece land in December 1991 it could gain legal title through the provisions of the Limitation Act of 1980 in weeks. The court might not accept that claim, yet it would be harder to reject the case for adverse possession from July 2004. That is when the fence around the land has been separating the land from the rest of the site for twelve years and therefore not allowed the council to use the site, and could be the point at which the council losses title to its land (Chynoweth, 2002 p. 1). There is an alternative that Salchester City Council could consider yet it would have to take such a step immediately. If the piece of land currently occupied by Harrison Haulage Ltd is not essential for the completion of the sports centre complex it could be sold to the firm by the council. Although not the best option for the council it would raise capital to be put towards the construction of the sports centre complex (Martin, 2003 p. 17). Selling the land to Harrison Haulage Ltd would end the risk of losing the same piece of land for nothing if the Court ruled in favour of Harrison Haulage Ltd, as the council would have no right of appeal under the Limitation Act of 1980 (Chynoweth, 2002 p. 1). To conclude Salchester City Council has to act within a week or two if it does not wish to lose its land to Harrison Haulage Ltd for nothing. Time is certainly in Harrison Haulage Ltdà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s favour if the firm decides to claim adverse possession. Depending upon the strength of evidence it has to present to Court, adverse possession could be claimed between December 2003 and July 2004. As July 2004 marks twelve years since the firm put a fence around the land it would have strong hopes of having adverse possession upheld. Salchester City Council needs to take immediate action to recover its land under the legislation recommended above, or alternatively sell the land to Harrison Haulage Ltd to prevent losing possession without any compensation or sale revenue. Bibliography Chynoweth P, (2002) Study Paper: The Law of Adverse Possession, www.lawlectures.co.uk Martin A E, (2003) Oxford Dict ionary of Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford Oakley A J, (2002) Megarryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Manual of the Law of Real Property- 8th edition, Sweet Maxwell, London Stevens J Pearce R A, (2000) Land Law à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2nd edition, Sweet Maxwell, London Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Adverse Possession dispute" essay for you Create order

Why is confidence so important - 800 Words

Why is confidence so important? During my early years I was bullied in and out of school. My first experience with bullying started when I was in daycare. A girl named Kelly started bullying me. Every time I saw her she would talk about either my hair or my clothes or the way I looked. One day, my brother and Kelly’s sister were watching Kelly and I. Kelly’s aunt had told her to leave me alone. And after her aunt left the room, Kelly started pushing me to see what I would do and after a while I got really angry, so I punched her in the face. As her aunt came back in the room, she saw Kelly on the floor with me standing over her. Kelly’s Aunt then said, â€Å"Did I not tell you to leave her alone.† After that experience I knew that I had the†¦show more content†¦One example of trying new things is when I started growing my dreadlocks. My dreadlocks teach me how to be patient, and how to happy with myself, no matter what you may look that day. As my own dreadlocks grow and change, I can remember where each and every dread started. They are a piece of artwork I wear on my head. I wear them up or down, whatever they look akin to at the time, with pride. They are mine. Ive had them for about eight years now and they are now down to my lower back. They are such a part of me, but not who I am. I am not the happy dumb tree hugging high hippy everyone thinks. In fact Im quite the opposite, I did not do this for fashion or to be cool, its sad really cause its eight years of not caring about what people think, what ever is easiest. They are a product of complete antisocial behavior. When I wear them down people always ask is that your real hair, I usually respond is that your real question, so many times I have been asked that. Long live dreads. Confidence enables you to be independent. That means that you have the confidence to try something new and being independent helps with confidence. 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You enjoy with them and spending time with friends is fun always. Everybody would agree that had friends would not been there, life would be quite boring. In fact, whatever you are as a person is greatly influenced by who your friends are. So, friends are truly important. TheyRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1645 Words   |  7 Pageson their personality; their confidence and intelligence. In, Animal Farm by George Orwell, confidence and intelligence is a big factor for why certain animals obtained power and control and why other ones did not. People with confidence and intelligence are likely to gain most of the control and power. People with little intelligence, but lots of confidence are more likely to have some power or work underneath the leader. 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Online free essay sample

New Sinai MDI Hospital is located at National Highway, Brgy. We will write a custom essay sample on Online or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Tagapo Sta Rosa Laguna and is situated near Robinson’s Place and few meters away from SM Sta Rosa, which are considered two of the most distinguished shopping malls of the country today. The clinic is likewise close to grand pavilion mall in Binan, Laguna. The hospitalstarted its operation last July 7, 2007 a private hospital complex with five storey building and 66 bed actual capacities. With more than three years of service, the hospital was able to establish a school that will train students in paramedical specialties like physical therapy; occupational therapy; medication technology; nursing; radiology technology; guidance psychology; social work; and ancillary studies. The management still wants to create a commercial and apartelle complex that will cater the needs of patients, their visiting relatives and friends especially those coming from a far. With the goal of running of a hospital complex at Tagapo, Sta Rosa Laguna the corporation acquire a 4800 square meter lot along National Highway, Brgy. Tgapo, 178 square meters of which was made into a one-storey building to house the MDI Clinic as introductory phase for the hospital complex which would be known as New Sinai MDI Hospital. February 2005, When MDI Clinic was transferred to Tagapo, Sta Rosa. The local government of Sta. Rosa granted the permit to operate a medical and diagnostic clinic on March 1, 2005. he Clinic widen its area of service with application forwarded to various Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO’s), Industrial companies and Merchant agencies for accreditation. Subsequently the MDI Clinic operation was transferred to the 1st floor ER unit of New Sinai MDI Hospital after September 28, 2006 when the clinic building was damaged by the typhoon Milenyo. The local government granted a partial occupancy on the finished 1st floor of the hospital. Backgro und of the Study: The proponents choose to create a website entitled â€Å"Official Website of New Sinai MDI Hospital†. The studies have a Home page, in this page people may choose from the tab above such as: About Us, Patient’s Guide, Contact, Health Care Services, Gallery, Search, and Comment. Patient’s Guide, Health Care Services and Contact are the three most important tabs in this study. This three consist the contact number and person that the patient’s may talk to, for the Health Care Services which is user determine what services and procedure that the hospital had and Patient’s Guide which is under this is the list of the Room of Patient from Presidential which is the highest cost from different Wards. The website of MDI can also see the Hospital Facilities like; Emergency room, main lobby, radiology and laboratory department, special diagnostic, ultrasound HMO industrial clinic, rehabilitation medicine which is located at ground floor. â€Å"New Sinai MDI Hospital†has five floors. Operating Room, Delivery Room, Nursery, ICU, and NICU septic isolation is located at 2nd floor and lastly, Rooms like Semi Private, Isolation Room, Wards, Suite and other rooms will be seen from 3rd floor to 5th floors. Above all, the main use of this site is to promote MDI not only in Laguna but all over the world, to publicize some of their services and to become one of the most popular hospitals. Project Description: The MDI hospital has a bulletin board and brochure. Bulletin Boardis use to post some details and brochures use to promote their services. That is the reason ofchoosing New Sinai MDI hospital as their study, proponents will create a website that will help and make them easily introduce the NSMDI to anyone. The purpose of this site is to see some information of the hospital. The website has comment box, request and suggestion in which the user must register or createtheir account that will allow them to input their opinion. It also has a list of doctor, their specialty,and it’s time schedule. This site also has two account; Admin and User Account. The Admin Account, it is one who will update the whole website like galleries, updating doctor’s schedule, hospital services and many more and User account is just to access the comment box. The proponents will be using Notepad ++, SQLyog for the database, PHP for the codes, XAMP to build the software and Adobe Photoshop CS3 is also use for the Graphical User Interface.

Huck finn7 Essay Example For Students

Huck finn7 Essay All children have a special place, whether chosen by a conscious decision or not this is a place where one can go to sort their thoughts. Nature can often provide comfort by providing a nurturing surrounding where a child is forced to look within and choices can be made untainted by society. Mark Twain once said Dont let school get in the way of your education. Twain states that this education which is provided by society, can actually hinder human growth and maturity. Although a formal education shouldnt be completely shunned, perhaps true life experience, in society and nature, are a key part of development. In the novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain throws the curious yet innocent mind of Huck Finn out into a very hypocritical, judgmental, and hostile world, yet Huck has one escapethe Mississippi River constantly flowing nearby. Here nature is presented as a thought provoking environment when experienced alone. The river is quiet and peaceful place where Huck can reve rt to examine any predicament he might find himself in: They went off, and I got aboard the raft, feeling bad and lowThen I thought a minute, and says to myself, hold on,- spose youd a done right and give Jim up; would you felt better than you do now? No, says I, Id feel bad (p.127). Only a few weeks with Jim and still feeling great ambivalence, Huck returns to the river to think. Twain tries here to tell the reader how strong the mob really is, and only when totally alone is Huck able to make the morally correct decision. The natural flowing and calm of the river cause this deep-thought, show!ing how unnatural the collective thought of a society can be. The largest and most obvious test of Hucks character is his relationship with Jim. The friendship and assistance which he gives to Jim go completely against all that sivilization has taught him; at first this concept troubles Huck and causes him a great deal of pain, but over time, through his life experiences and shared times with Jim, Huck crosses the line upheld by the racist South and comes to know Jim as a human being. Huck is at a point in his life where opinions are formed, and by growing on the river, Huck can stand back from society and form his own. Eventually he goes as far as to risk his life for Jim:And got to thinking of our trip down the river; and I see Jim before me, all the time, in the day, and in the night-time, sometimes moonlight, sometimes storms, and we a floating along, talking, and singing, and laughing. But somehow I couldnt see no places to harden me against him, but only the other kindI studied a minute sort of holding my breath, and then I s!ays to mysel f: All right, then, Ill go to hell' (pp.270-271). After a long and thought-provoking adventure, Huck returns to the raft one final time to decide the fate of his friend. Symbolically, Huck makes the morally correct decision away from all others, thinking on the river. Although it might not be evident to himself, Huck causes the reader to see that sivilization, in their treatment of blacks especially, is not civilized at all. Every person Huck and Jim come across seems to just be following someone else blindly, as the whole country were some sort of mob. In the last few chapters, Tom Sawyer is re-introduced and the reader is left to examine how different environments: sivilization and nature (the river), have affected the childrens growth. It is distinctly evident that Huck has turned out to be the one with a clear and intelligent mind, and Tom, although he can regurgitate worthless facts about Louis XVI and Henry VIII, shows no real sign of maturity. The first time I catched up to Tom, private, I asked him what was his idea, time of the evasion?- what it was he planned to do if the evasion worked out all right and he managed to set a nigger free that was already free before? And he said, what he had planned in his head, from the start, if we got Jim out,

Strategies free essay sample

This is a statement that can be validated and justified by any historian. The institution of slavery was established to provide a cheap, sure, steady and reliable source of labor. It was consequently established to enable the planters to gain maximum profit. Near the ending of the eighteenth century Britain had undergone a period of industrialization and it became more evident that slave labor posed to be more of a burden than beneficial.The era of inventions and machines allowed for greater allocation of investments in Europe resulting in the lack of interest for sugar and slavery in the Caribbean. This brought about the rise Of abolitionists who led a gradual process that began in 1 772 and ended with their success in 1838. One such strategy used by abolitionists was the formation of societies. One such Society was The Committee for the abolition of the Slave Trade, created in 1787. This society involved active members such as William Willpower, Thomas Clarion and Granville Sharp among others. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Another society that was plopped was The Quakers, otherwise known as The Society of Friends. This society involved the first and most outspoken critics of slavery. Further societies included, the Clamp Sect and The New Tories, which were industrialists who believed that slavery was a wasteful crude, inefficient system of labor which did not fit with the modernization Of cheap mechanical production such as steam engines.The effectiveness of these societies become evident as it can be argued that they represented a unified and collected means of advocating for the abolition of slavery rather than a solitary and possibly, not so effective teeth of resistance to the system of slavery. To further comprehend the effectiveness of these societies, one may strike a comparison between the British employments of large, organized societies as opposed to the individual French advocates for the abolition of slavery.Though it can be argued that the famous French humanitarian, Victor Schoolteacher, contributed immensely to the abolition of slavery in the French colonies, it is argued by most, that his actions becomes less effective than the unified means of campaign employed by British societies. Another strategy came in the form of media. Abolitionists created a swapper, The Anti-Slavery Reporter in 1825. The newspaper was used to campaign vigorously for the abolition Of slavery.Information in the form Of articles was circulated to portray the inhumane treatment of the slaves on the sugar plantation and middle passage, placing pressure on the government. Additionally they made use of leaflets, pamphlets, poetry and illustrations to further depict the condition of slaves. This allowed for abolitionists to achieve both an awareness, and sympathy from the public on the matter of Slavery. After gaining public sympathy they were able to persuade the masses not to arches sugar coming from the islands. This was seen as a way to sabotage the sugar industry.In addition the effectiveness of such technique is seen in the fact that campaigning for the abolition of slavery through newspapers, pamphlets, etc. , succeeded in the public putting pressure on the government by overtly shouting their complaints and desire for the end of slavery. They lobbied together their voices demanding a change for new circumstances: the end the slavery. Atoms C. Holt, in The Problem of Freedom, elaborates: In 1788, about a hundred petition bearing over Sixty thousand names emended abolition of the slave trade; by 1 833 the abolitionists had flooded parliament with five thousand petitions endorsed by almost 1. Million people demanding the abolition of slavery. (peg. 27) Members of the abolitionist societies were noted for engaging in official protests, debates and campaigns in the parliaments, the House of Commons and public meetings. One notable debate advocating the end of the system of slavery was an economic one which argued that with the introduction and expansion of beet sugar in Europe sugar and slavery was no longer a stickiest. Beet sugar proved to be more profitable. In addition there was a lower cost of transportation.They, in addition, lobbied that paid labor proved to be more efficient than slave labor, as it involved a high mortality rate and thus proved to be unprofitable. Abolitionists participated in petitions collecting and spreading information of the planters cruel treatment of the slaves both on the plantations and the middle passage. They received their information by obtaining firsthand accounts from sailors and former slaves at British ports through interviews. One such abolitionist who did this was the researcher Thomas Clarion.Thomas Clarion devoted his entire life to the abolition of slavery. He was instrumental in evoking public sympathy, traveling around, promoting the cause and gathering evidences of the horrors of slavery. He was able to obtain equipments used on slave ships, such as iron handcuffs, leg-shackles, thumbscrews, branding irons and instruments used to force open the jaws of the slave. These equipments were displayed at public meetings and engraved in pamphlets. Prime Minister William Pit the Younger, and as previously stated, WilliamWillpower, were also two abolitionists of importance. Willpower had done his share of duties in advocating for the abolition of slavery but when he grew ill suddenly, Pit was responsible for proposing the resolution to the end of slavery on his behalf. Therefore although some critics, for example, Biographer William Hogue, considers Pit to not have been that effective in contributing to the abolition process, others see his importance in the fact that he was a large supporter to William Wildernesss advocating for the abolition slavery.Pit had suggested that Willpower become the reliantly leader of the abolition movement and both men worked in collaboration on campaigning for the abolition of slavery. As previously stated, the process was a gradual one. As such there was seen to be a series of different laws passed which eventually led to the end of slavery. The first step was seen in the abolition of the slave trade, in 1807. Following this was, Registry Bill, which was passed in 181 6 dictating that colonial legislatures register all slaves, as it was suspected that some colonies were importing slaves illegally. The next step was seen with the implementation of the Amelioration Proposal, 1823. An assessment of this proposal could be seen as a positive indicator Of the progress that abolition was near so that even West India interest became involved in the gradual process. The latter hoped to delay the process while the Abolitionists hoped that it would lead to an improvement in the inhumane, impoverished and ultimately difficult lives of the enslaved. In 1834, the apprenticeship system was employed to provide a smooth transition into emancipation for the slaves, which finally took place in the year 1838.

A Sample Descriptive Essay for Students

A Sample Descriptive Essay for StudentsA student who is beginning to take an ESL course must be able to write a good and effective Sample Essay. This is the first piece of writing that you will write in your ESL class. It should be a thorough, complete, well thought out product.If you are a student who is beginning to take an ESL course, a Sample Essay will serve as a base for your other work and they are essential to getting good grades in the course. You have to learn how to structure your sentences properly and you must be able to structure it properly if you want to make a good score on your English test. It is very important that your sentence structure is correct if you want to do well on your ESL course.There are many ways to prepare a Sample Descriptive Essay and you should have a written outline and a short list of some of the main points. The first thing that you should try to accomplish is a clear and concise statement of your topic. It should be an article that provides y our reader with enough information to make them feel comfortable in giving you their opinion. If your readers are not feeling comfortable, then they will be less likely to share their opinion with you.By writing a descriptive essay for your English class, you will be creating and elaborating on the information that you have learned. Writing a descriptive essay can also be a good way to reinforce the grammar points that you have already learned in your class.While writing a descriptive essay for your English class, you need to determine what point you are going to make first. It can be an essay about a person who has moved into the country and are now the only one who speaks English.Then, you can get more detailed and outline the introduction, body, and conclusion of the essay. After writing a descriptive essay for your English class, it is imperative that you sit down and organize the information in a way that makes sense. Remember, when you have your essay finished, it is up to you to submit it for review and to receive feedback from your instructor.A Sample Essay can serve as a great tool to help a student who is beginning to take an English course to learn how to write quality sentences. Students who have never written anything or who don't know how to do so, will appreciate being exposed to the written language and the type of writing that it requires. By learning how to properly express yourself in the written form, students will be better able to interact with each other in class and they will be better able to communicate effectively in English.Your written essay can serve as a teaching tool for English teachers. By writing a descriptive essay for your English class, your teacher will be able to observe you and his or her students' understanding of the written English language. Your writing will be used to teach students the written English language.

S Orbital Atomic Structure

S Orbital Atomic Structure At any given moment, an electron can be found at any distance from the nucleus and in any direction according to the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. The s orbital is a spherically-shaped region describing where an electron can be found, within a certain degree of probability. The shape of the orbital depends on the quantum numbers associated with an energy state. All s orbitals have l m 0, but the value of n can vary. S Orbital Versus P Orbital While orbital numbers (e.g., n 1, 2, 3) indicate the energy level of an electron, the letters (s, p, d, f) describe the orbital shape. The s orbital is a sphere around the atomic nucleus. Within the sphere there are shells in which an electron is more likely to be found at any given time. The smallest sphere is 1s. The 2s orbital is larger than 1s; the 3s orbital is larger than 2s. The p orbital has a dumbell shape and is oriented in a particular direction. At any one energy level, there are three equivalent p orbitals that point at right angles to each other (px, py, pz). As with the s orbital, the p orbital describes a region in space around the nucleus in which an electron may be found with the highest probability.